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If the month is not January or February (greater than 1 or 2), you have to add 1 to the month. Otherwise you have to add 13 to the month and subtract 1 from the year. The following code calculates the day value for today. Once you know this, you subtract the epoch value from that value to get the number of days since the start of the epoch. The script then outputs that value. The output is left unformatted in case you want to use the number as input for another command or process.

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Quite often, you may be called upon to help recover from a logical corruption of the database, rather than from a hardware failure. You can use the following flashback techniques in Oracle Database 10g to recover from logical errors: Flashback Database: Takes the entire database back to a specific point in time Flashback Table: Returns individual tables to a past state Flashback Drop: Undoes a DROP TABLE command and recovers the dropped table Flashback Query, Flashback Version Query, and Flashback Transaction Query: Retrieve data from a time (or interval) in the past The Flashback Database and Flashback Drop features are discussed in 16, which deals with recovery techniques. The Flashback Table, Flashback Query, Flashback Version Query, and Flashback Transaction Query features rely on undo data, and are covered in 6.

Oracle provides a huge number of internal tables to aid you in tracking changes to database objects and to fix problems that will occur from time to time. Mastering these key internal tables is vital if you want to become a savvy Oracle DBA. All the GUI tools, such as OEM, depend on these key internal tables (and views) to gather information for monitoring Oracle databases. Although you may want to rely on GUI tools to perform your database administration tasks, it is important to learn as much as you can about these internal tables. Knowledge of these tables helps you understand what is actually happening within the database. You can divide the internal tables into two broad types: the static data dictionary tables and the dynamic performance tables. You won t access these tables directly; rather, you ll access the information through views based on these tables. 23 is dedicated to a discussion of these views, and you can get a complete list of all the data dictionary views by issuing the following simple query: SQL> SELECT * FROM dict; The following sections examine the role of these two important types of tables (and views).

Oracle maintains a set of tables within the database called the data dictionary. You access these read-only data dictionary tables through views built on them. Views are like logical tables built on an underlying Oracle table, and I discuss them in detail in 5. The data that the data dictionary maintains is also known as metadata. DBAs and developers depend heavily on the data dictionary for information about the various components of the database these tables contain information such as the list of tables, table columns, users, user privileges, file and tablespace names, and so on. A simple query, such as the following, necessitates several calls to the data dictionary before Oracle can execute it: SQL> SELECT employee_name FROM emp WHERE city = 'NEW YORK'; It s important to note that the data dictionary tables don t report on aspects of the running instance. The data dictionary holds only information about the database, such as the database files,

tables, functions, and procedures, as well as user-related information. Another set of views, called the dynamic performance views, records information about the currently running instance.

today_days=$((($year*365)+($year/4)-\ ($year/100)+($year/400)+\ ($month*306001/10000)+$day)) days_since_epoch=$(($today_days-$epoch_days)) echo $days_since_epoch